Alphabet

Structured according to the point and manner of articulation, Sanskrit exemplifies an unparalleled scientific approach to language, making it foundational for linguistic and philosophical studies.

Panini codified Sanskrit grammar with unmatched precision in his work Astadhyayi, creating a concise and systematic framework that remains a foundational model for linguistic analysis to this day.

Sanskrit is usually represented in the Devanagari script, which is an abugida, meaning that each character represents a consonant with an inherent vowel sound. The script is written from left to right and has a rich set of diacritical marks to indicate different vowel sounds and other phonetic features.

a
uh (as in 'ago')
ā
aah (as in 'father')
i
ih (as in 'bit')
ī
ee (as in 'machine')
u
oo (as in 'put')
ū
oo (as in 'food')
ri (retroflex 'ri')
ree (retroflex 'ree')
li (retroflex 'li', rare)
lee (retroflex 'lee', rare)
e
ay (as in 'they')
ai
eye (as in 'aisle')
o
oh (as in 'go')
au
ow (as in 'cow')
ka
ka (as in 'kite')
kha
kha (aspirated 'ka')
ga
ga (as in 'go')
gha
gha (aspirated 'ga')
ṅa
nga (as in 'sing')
ca
cha (as in 'churn')
cha
chha (aspirated 'cha')
ja
ja (as in 'jug')
jha
jha (aspirated 'ja')
ña
nya (as in 'canyon')
ṭa
ṭa (retroflex 'ta')
ṭha
ṭha (aspirated, retroflex 'tha')
ḍa
ḍa (retroflex 'da')
ḍha
ḍha (aspirated, retroflex 'dha')
ṇa
ṇa (retroflex 'na')
ta
ta (as in 'top', dental)
tha
tha (aspirated 'ta', dental)
da
da (as in 'dog', dental)
dha
dha (aspirated 'da', dental)
na
na (as in 'nap')
pa
pa (as in 'pot')
pha
pha (aspirated 'pa')
ba
ba (as in 'bat')
bha
bha (aspirated 'ba')
ma
ma (as in 'man')
ya
ya (as in 'yes')
ra
ra (as in Spanish 'pero')
la
la (as in 'lotus')
va
va (between 'v' and 'w')
śa
sha (as in 'shy', palatal)
ṣa
sha (retroflex 'sha')
sa
sa (as in 'sun')
ha
ha (as in 'hot')
nasal (as in 'song')
aspirated breath (as in 'aha')
nasalized tone (as in French 'bon')
glottal stop (as in 'uh-oh')